The Victoria Cross. Army and Navy Versions.
Image by Jimmy Big Potatoes
The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The VC is usually presented to the recipient or to their next of kin by the British monarch at an investiture held at Buckingham Palace.
The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been awarded 1,357 times to 1,354 individual recipients. Only 14 medals, ten to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army, have been awarded since the Second World War. The traditional explanation of the source of the gunmetal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol. Recent research has thrown doubt on this story, suggesting a variety of origins for the material actually making up the medals themselves. Research has established that the gunmetal for many of the medals came from Chinese cannons that may have been captured from the Russians in 1855.
Due to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction.[6] A number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. The private collection of Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains over one-tenth of all VCs awarded. Following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum, the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museum's Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010.
Beginning with the Centennial of Confederation in 1967, Canada followed in 1975 by Australia[9] and New Zealand developed their own national honours systems, separate and independent of the British or Imperial honours system. As each country’s system evolved, operational gallantry awards were developed with the premier award of each system, the VC for Australia, the Canadian VC and the VC for New Zealand being created and named in honour of the Victoria Cross. These are unique awards of each honours system, recommended, assessed, gazetted and presented by each country.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Appearance
3 Award process
3.1 Colonial awards
3.2 Separate Commonwealth awards
4 Authority and privileges
4.1 Annuity
4.2 Forfeited awards
5 Recipients
6 Public sales
7 Thefts
8 Collections
9 Other
9.1 Memorial
Origin.
In 1854, after 40 years of peace, Britain found itself fighting a major war against Russia. The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting, and the dispatches of William Howard Russell described many acts of bravery and valour by British servicemen that went unrewarded.
Before the Crimean War, there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces. Officers were eligible for an award of one of the junior grades of the Order of the Bath and brevet promotions whilst a Mention in Despatches existed as an alternative award for acts of lesser gallantry. This structure was very limited; in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank. Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the immediate notice of the commanders in the field, generally members of the commander's own staff.
Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank; France awarded the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour) and The Netherlands gave the Order of William. There was a growing feeling amongst the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a man's lengthy or meritorious service. Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 (gazetted 5 February 1856)[14] that officially constituted the VC. The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War.
Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class. The medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services. To maintain its simplicity, Queen Victoria, under the guidance of Prince Albert, vetoed the suggestion that the award be called The Military Order of Victoria and instead suggested the name Victoria Cross. The original warrant stated that the Victoria Cross would only be awarded to soldiers who have served in the presence of the enemy and had performed some signal act of valour or devotion. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park.
It was originally intended that the VCs would be cast from the bronze cascabels of two cannon that were captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol. The historian John Glanfield has since proven through the use of x-rays of older Victoria Crosses that the metal used for VCs is in fact from antique Chinese guns and not of Russian origin. One theory is that the guns were originally Chinese weapons but the Russians captured them and reused them at Sevastopol. It was also thought that some medals made during the First World War were composed of metal captured from different Chinese guns during the Boxer Rebellion but the original metal was used after the war. It is also believed that another source of metal was used between 1942 and 1945 to create five Second World War VCs when the Sevastopol metal went missing.
The barrels of the cannon in question are on display at Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum at Woolwich. The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel, weighing 358 oz (10 kg), is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at Donnington, Telford. It can only be removed under armed guard. It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more VCs could be cast from this source. A single company of jewellers, Hancocks of London, has been responsible for the production of every VC awarded since its inception.
Bars are awarded to the VC in recognition of the performance of further acts of gallantry meriting the award although there are only three instances of someone receiving a second award.
Appearance[edit source | editbeta]
The front and back of Edward Holland's VC.The decoration is a bronze cross pattée, 41 mm high, 36 mm wide, bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion, and the inscription FOR VALOUR. This was originally to have been FOR THE BRAVE, until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria, as it implied that not all men in battle were brave. The decoration, suspension bar and link weigh about 0.87 troy ounces (27 g).
The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed "V" to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves, through which the ribbon passes. The reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient's name, rank, number and unit.[16] On the reverse of the medal is a circular panel on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is engraved in the centre.
The Original Warrant Clause 1 states that the Victoria Cross "shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze". Nonetheless, it has always been a cross pattée; the discrepancy with the Warrant has never been corrected.
The ribbon is crimson, 38 mm (1.5 inches) wide. The original (1856) specification for the award stated that the ribbon should be red for army recipients and dark blue for naval recipients. However the dark blue ribbon was abolished soon after the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918. On 22 May 1920 King George V signed a warrant that stated all recipients would now receive a red ribbon and the living recipients of the naval version were required to exchange their ribbons for the new colour. Although the Army warrants state the colour as being red it is defined by most commentators as being crimson or "wine-red".
Award process.
The obverse of William Johnstone's VC showing the dark blue ribbon for pre-1918 awards to naval personnel.The Victoria Cross is awarded for
... most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.
A recommendation for the VC is normally issued by an officer at regimental level, or equivalent, and has to be supported by three witnesses, although this has been waived on occasion. The recommendation is then passed up the military hierarchy until it reaches the Secretary of State for Defence. The recommendation is then laid before the monarch who approves the award with his or her signature. Victoria Cross awards are always promulgated in the London Gazette with the single exception of the award to the American Unknown Soldier in 1921.The Victoria Cross warrant makes no specific provision as to who should actually present the medals to the recipients. Queen Victoria indicated that she would like to present the medals in person and she presented 185 medals out of the 472 gazetted during her reign. Including the first 62 medals presented at a parade in Hyde Park on 26 June 1857 by Queen Victoria, nearly 900 awards have been personally presented to the recipient by the reigning British monarch. Nearly 300 awards have been presented by a member of the royal family or by a civil or military dignitary. About 150 awards were either forwarded to the recipient or next of kin by registered post or no details of the presentations are known.
The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously. Between the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and the beginning of the Second Boer War the names of six officers and men were published in the London Gazette with a memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived. A further three notices were published in the London Gazette in September 1900 and April 1901 for gallantry in the Second Boer War. In a partial reversal of policy, six posthumous Victoria Crosses, all for South Africa including the three officers and men mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901 were granted on 8 August 1902. Five years later in 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men.[31] The awards were mentioned in notices in the Gazette dating back to the Indian Mutiny. The Victoria Cross warrant was not amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920, but one quarter of all awards for World War I were posthumous. Although the 1920 Royal Warrant made provision for awards to women serving in the Armed Forces, no women have been awarded a VC.
In the case of a gallant and daring act being performed by a squadron, ship's company or a detached body of men (such as marines) in which all men are deemed equally brave and deserving of the Victoria Cross then a ballot is drawn. The officers select one officer, the NCOs select one individual and the private soldiers or seamen select two individuals. In all 46 awards have been awarded by ballot with 29 of the awards during the Indian Mutiny. Four further awards were granted to Q Battery, Royal Horse Artillery at Korn Spruit on 31 March 1900 during the Second Boer War. The final ballot awards for the Army were the six awards to the Lancashire Fusiliers at W Beach during the landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 although three of the awards were not gazetted until 1917. The final seven ballot awards were the only naval ballot awards with three awards to two Q-Ships in 1917 and four awards for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918. The provision for awards by ballot is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant but there have been no further such awards since 1918.
Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could be awarded for actions taken "under circumstances of extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy. Six such awards were made during this period—five of them for a single incident during an Expedition to the Andaman Islands in 1867. In 1881, the criteria were changed again and the VC was only awarded for acts of valour "in the face of the enemy". Due to this it has been suggested by many historians including Lord Ashcroft that the changing nature of warfare will result in fewer VCs being awarded. The prevalence of remote fighting techniques has meant that opportunities to carry out acts of bravery in the face of the enemy are diminishing. Since 1940, military personnel who have distinguished themselves for gallantry not in the face of the enemy have been awarded the George Cross, which is immediately after the VC in the Order of Wear.
Colonial awards.
]The Victoria Cross was extended to colonial troops in 1867. The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand land wars in 1864.He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867. Later that year, the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action. Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand land wars, an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a "Distinctive Decoration" for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Although the Governor was chided for exceeding his authority, the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen. The title "Distinctive Decoration" was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross.
The question of whether recommendations could be made for colonial troops not serving with British troops was not asked in New Zealand, but in 1881, the question was asked in South Africa. Surgeon John McCrea, an officer of the South African forces was recommended for gallantry during hostilities which had not been approved by British Government. He was awarded the Victoria Cross and the principle was established that gallant conduct could be rewarded independently of any political consideration of military operations. More recently, four Australian soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross in Vietnam although Britain was not involved in the conflict.
Indian troops were not originally eligible for the Victoria Cross since they had been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit since 1837 which was the oldest British gallantry award for general issue. When the Victoria Cross was created, Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company and did not come under Crown control until 1860. European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross was extended to cover them in October 1857. It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the Victoria Cross intensified. Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911. The first awards to Indian troops appeared in the London Gazette on 7 December 1914 to Darwan Sing Negi and Khudadad Khan. Negi was presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V during a visit to troops in France. The presentation occurred on 5 December 1914 and he is one of a very few soldiers presented with his award before it appeared in the London Gazette.
Separate Commonwealth awards.
See also: Victoria Cross for Australia, Victoria Cross (Canada), and Victoria Cross for New Zealand
Victoria Cross as it appears on Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstones.In recent years, several Commonwealth countries have introduced their own honours systems, separate from the British Honours System. This began with the Partition of India in 1947, when the new countries of India and Pakistan introduced their own systems of awards. The VC was replaced by the Param Vir Chakra (PVC) and Nishan-e-Haider (NH) respectively, although the new countries continued to permit recipients of British honours to wear their awards. Several Pakistani soldiers and officers were authorised to wear both the British medals and the ones earned in the later Indo-Pakistani wars. Sri Lanka, whose defence personnel were eligible to receive the Victoria Cross until 1972, introduced its own equivalent, the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya medal. Three Commonwealth realms—Australia, Canada and New Zealand—have each introduced their own decorations for gallantry and bravery, replacing British decorations such as the Military Cross with their own. Most Commonwealth countries, however, still recognise some form of the VC as their highest decoration for valour.
Australia was the first Commonwealth realm to create its own VC, on 15 January 1991. Although it is a separate award, its appearance is identical to its British counterpart. Canada followed suit when in 1993 Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC, which is also similar to the British version, except that the legend has been changed from FOR VALOUR to the Latin PRO VALORE This language was chosen so as to favour neither French nor English, the two official languages of Canada. New Zealand was the third country to adapt the VC into its own honours system. While the New Zealand and Australian VCs are technically separate awards, the decoration is identical to the British design, including being cast from the same Crimean War gunmetal as the British VC. The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same cannon, along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada.
Four of the separate VCs have so far been awarded. Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 2 July 2007, for his actions in the War in Afghanistan in 2004. The Victoria Cross for Australia has been awarded three times. Mark Donaldson was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 for actions during Operation Slipper, the Australian contribution to the War in Afghanistan. Ben Roberts-Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 for actions in the Shah Wali Kot Offensive, part of the War in Afghanistan. Daniel Keighran was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 1 November 2012 for his actions during the Battle of Derapet in Oruzgan Province, Afghanistan on 24 August 2010. A Canadian version has been cast that was originally to be awarded to the Unknown Soldier at the rededication of the Vimy Memorial on 7 April 2007. This date was chosen as it was the 90th anniversary of the battle of Vimy Ridge but pressure from veterans' organisations caused the plan to be dropped.
Authority and privileges[edit source | editbeta]As the highest award for valour of the United Kingdom, the Victoria Cross is always the first award to be presented at an investiture, even before knighthoods, as was shown at the investiture of Private Johnson Beharry who received his medal before General Sir Mike Jackson received his knighthood. Due to its status, the VC is always the first decoration worn in a row of medals and it is the first set of post-nominal letters used to indicate any decoration or order. Similar acts of extreme valour that do not take place in the face of the enemy are honoured with the George Cross, which has equal precedence but is awarded second because the GC is newer.
There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for "all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross". There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC, nor in Queen's Regulations and Orders, but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such the Chiefs of Staff will salute a Private awarded a VC or GC.
The Victoria Cross was at first worn as the recipient fancied. It was popular to pin it on the left side of the chest over the heart, with other decorations grouped around the VC. The Queen's Regulations for the Army of 1881 gave clear instructions on how to wear it; the VC had to follow the badge of the Order of the Indian Empire. In 1900 it was ordained in Dress Regulations for the Army that it should be worn after the cross of a Member of the Royal Victorian Order. It was only in 1902 that King Edward VII gave the cross its present position on a bar brooch. The cross is also worn as a miniature decoration on a brooch or a chain with mess jacket, white tie or black tie. As a bearer of the VC is not a Companion in an Order of Chivalry, the VC has no place in a coat of arms.
Annuity
The original warrant stated that NCOs and private soldiers or seamen on the Victoria Cross Register were entitled to a £10 per annum annuity. In 1898, Queen Victoria raised the pension to £50 for those that could not earn a livelihood, be it from old age or infirmity.Today holders of the Victoria Cross or George Cross are entitled to an annuity, the amount of which is determined by the awarding government. Since 2002, the annuity paid by the British Government is £1,495 per year. This is exempted from tax for British taxpayers by Section 638 Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, along with pensions or annuities from other awards for bravery.In Canada under the Gallantry Awards Order, members of the Canadian Forces or people who joined the British forces before 31 March 1949 while domiciled in Canada or Newfoundland receive Can$ 3,000 per year. Under Subsection 103.4 of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986, the Australian Government provides a Victoria Cross Allowance.[60] Until November 2005 the amount was A$ 3,230 per year. Since then this amount has been increased annually in line with the Australian Consumer Price Index.
Forfeited awards[edit source | editbeta]See also Category:Victoria Cross forfeitures
The original Royal Warrant involved an expulsion clause that allowed for a recipient's name to be erased from the official register in certain wholly discreditable circumstances and his pension cancelled. King George V felt very strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited and in a letter from his Private Secretary, Lord Stamfordham, on 26 July 1920, his views are forcibly expressed:
The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. Even were a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder, he should be allowed to wear his VC on the scaffold.
The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant but none has been forfeited since 1908.
Recipients.
List of Victoria Cross recipients
The 93rd Highlanders storming Sikandar Bagh. National Army Museum, London (NAM 1987-06-12)A total of 1,357 Victoria Crosses have been awarded since 1856 to 1,354 men.[64] There are several statistics related to the greatest number of VCs awarded in individual battles or wars. The greatest number of Victoria Crosses won on a single day is 18, for deeds performed on 16 November 1857, during Second Relief of Lucknow (primarily the assault on and capture of Sikandar Bagh), during the Indian Mutiny. The greatest number won in a single action is 28, for the whole of the Second Relief of Lucknow, 14–22 November 1857. The greatest number won by a single unit during a single action is seven, to the 2nd/24th Foot, for the defence of Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879, during the Zulu War.[66] The greatest number won in a single conflict is 628, being for the First World War. There are only five living holders of the VC—three British, one Australian, one Gurkha—one award for the Second World War and four awards since; in addition one New Zealander holds the Victoria Cross for New Zealand and three Australians hold the Victoria Cross for Australia. Eight of the then-twelve surviving holders of the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006.
In 1921 the Victoria Cross was given to the American Unknown Soldier of the First World War (the British Unknown Warrior was reciprocally awarded the US Medal of Honor). One VC is in existence that is not counted in any official records. In 1856, Queen Victoria laid the first Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of Netley Military hospital. When the hospital was demolished in 1966 the VC, known as "The Netley VC", was retrieved and is now on display in the Army Medical Services Museum, Mytchett, near Aldershot.
Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar, the bar representing a second award of the VC. They are: Noel Chavasse and Arthur Martin-Leake, both doctors in the Royal Army Medical Corps, for rescuing wounded under fire; and New Zealander Charles Upham, an infantryman, for combat actions. Upham remains the only combatant soldier to have received a VC and Bar. An Irishman, Surgeon General William Manley, remains the sole recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross. The VC was awarded for his actions during the Waikato-Hauhau Maori War, New Zealand on 29 April 1864 while the Iron Cross was awarded for tending the wounded during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. New Zealand Flying Officer Lloyd Trigg has the distinction of being the only serviceman ever awarded a VC on evidence solely provided by the enemy, for an action in which there were no surviving Allied witnesses. The recommendation was made by the captain of the German U-boat U-468 sunk by Trigg's aircraft. Lieutenant Commander Gerard Roope was also awarded a VC on recommendation of the enemy, the captain of the Admiral Hipper, but there were also numerous surviving Allied witnesses to corroborate his actions.
Since the end of the Second World War the original VC has been awarded 13 times: four in the Korean War, one in the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1965, four to Australians in the Vietnam War, two during the Falklands War in 1982, one in the Iraq War in 2004, and two in the War in Afghanistan in 2006.[69] The three awards given in the 21st century to British personnel have been for actions in the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. On 18 March 2005, Lance Corporal (then Private) Johnson Beharry of the 1st Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment became the first recipient of the VC since Sergeant Ian McKay in 1982. One of the most recent award of the Victoria Cross to a British service person was the posthumous award on 14 December 2006 to Corporal Bryan Budd of 3 Para. It was awarded for two separate acts of "inspirational leadership and the greatest valour" which led to his death, during actions against the Taliban in Afghanistan in July and August 2006. Another Victoria Cross has been awarded in March 2013 to British Lance Corporal James Ashworth, who showed a courage "beyond words" during a fierce battle with the Taliban in Helmand's Nahr-e Saraj district, Afghanistan, and was fatally wounded as a result.
Public sales[edit source | editbeta]Since 1879, more than 300 Victoria Crosses have been publicly auctioned or advertised. Others have been privately sold. The value of the VC can be seen by the increasing sums that the medals reach at auction. In 1955 the set of medals awarded to Edmund Barron Hartley was bought at Sotheby's for the then record price of £300 (approximately £6700 in present day terms). In October 1966 the Middlesex Regiment paid a new record figure of £900 (approximately £14200 in present day terms[77]) for a VC awarded after the Battle of the Somme. In January 1969, the record reached £1700 (£23700[77]) for the medal set of William Rennie.[78] In April 2004 the VC awarded in 1944 to Sergeant Norman Jackson, RAF, was sold at auction for £235,250. On 24 July 2006, an auction at Bonhams in Sydney of the VC awarded to Captain Alfred Shout fetched a world record hammer price of A$ 1 million (approximately £410,000 at then current exchange rates). Captain Alfred Shout was awarded the VC posthumously in 1915 for hand-to-hand combat at the Lone Pine trenches in Gallipoli, Turkey.
Thefts.
Several VCs have been stolen and, being valuable, have been placed on the Interpol watch-list for stolen items. The VC awarded to Milton Gregg, which was donated to the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London, Ontario Canada in 1979, was stolen on Canada Day, (1 July 1980), when the museum was overcrowded and has been missing since. A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip Konowal[83] was stolen from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004.
On 2 December 2007, 9 VCs were among 100 medals stolen from locked, reinforced glass cabinets at the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru, New Zealand with a value of around NZD$ 20 million. Charles Upham's VC and Bar was among these. A reward of NZ$ 300,000 was posted for information leading to the recovery of the decorations and conviction of the thieves, although at the time there was much public debate about the need to offer reward money to retrieve the medals.[86] On 16 February 2008 New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered.
Collections[edit source | editbeta]The VC collection of businessman and politician Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains 162 medals, over one-tenth of all VCs awarded. It is the largest collection of such decorations. In July 2008 it was announced that Ashcroft was to donate £5 million for a permanent gallery at the Imperial War Museum where the 50 VCs held by the museum will be put on display alongside his collection. The Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum opened on 12 November 2010 containing a total of 210 VCs and 31 GCs.[7] It is now the largest collection of VCs on public display. This distinction was previously held by the Australian War Memorial, whose collection (currently of 65 medals) includes all nine VCs awarded to Australians at Gallipoli.
Museums with holdings of ten or more VCs include:
In the UK
Museum Location Number
of VCs
Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Imperial War Museum Kennington, London 210
The National Army Museum Chelsea, London 39
The Royal Green Jackets Museum Winchester, Hampshire 34
The Royal Engineers Museum Gillingham, Kent 26
The Army Medical Services Museum Mytchett, Surrey 22
Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum Woolwich, London 20
The Queen's Own Highlanders Museum Ardersier, Inverness-shire 16
The South Wales Borderers Museum Brecon, Wales 16
The Green Howards Regimental Museum Richmond, Yorkshire 15
The Royal Fusiliers Museum Tower of London 12
The Gordon Highlanders Museum Aberdeen 12
The National Maritime Museum Greenwich, London 11
The National War Museum Edinburgh Castle 11
The RAF Museum Hendon, London 11
The Sherwood Foresters Museum Nottingham 11
The Gurkha Museum Winchester, Hampshire 10
The Royal Marines Museum Portsmouth, Hampshire 10
The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum Caernarfon Castle, Wales 10
Outside the UK
Australian War Memorial Canberra, Australia 65
Canadian War Museum Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 33
QEII Army Memorial Museum Waiouru, New Zealand 11
(note 1 = Many VCs are on loan to the museums and are owned by individuals and not owned by the museums themselves.)
Other[edit source | editbeta]Memorials[edit source | editbeta]In 2004 a national Victoria Cross and George Cross memorial was installed in Westminster Abbey close to the tomb of The Unknown Warrior.[94] Westminster Abbey is a living monument to British history in that it contains monuments and memorials to central figures in British History including Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and James VI & I. As such it was a significant honour for the VC to be commemorated in Westminster Abbey.
Canon William Lummis, MC, was a military historian who built up an archive on the service records and final resting places of Victoria Cross holders.[96] This was then summarised into a pamphlet which was taken to be an authoritative source on these matters. However, Lummis was aware of short-comings in his work and encouraged David Harvey to continue it. The result was Harvey's seminal book Monuments to Courage. In 2007 the Royal Mail used material from Lummis' archives to produce a collection of stamps commemorating Victoria Cross recipients.
Australia has a unique means of remembering recipients of the Victoria Cross. Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and Canberra. Trees were planted in February 1954 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, marking either end of the route, with various plantations along the roadsides in memory of the fallen. Beginning in 1995, 23 rest stop memorials named for Australian recipients of the VC from World War II onwards have been sited along the route, providing picnic facilities and public amenities to encourage drivers to take a break on long drives. Thus Australia's VC heroes continue to serve their country, saving lives through managing driver fatigue. 23 of the 26 memorial sites have been dedicated, with a further three reserved for the surviving VC recipients, including two of the newer Victoria Cross for Australia awards. Edward Kenna, VC was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012, having passed away in 2009. It is generally accepted that further awards of the VC to Australians will warrant a similar honour.
In art.
The subject of soldiers winning the VC has been popular with artists since the medal's inception. In particular are the fifty paintings by Louis William Desanges that were painted in the late 1850s and early 1860s. Many of these were exhibited at the Egyptian Gallery in Piccadilly, but in 1900, they were brought together by Lord Wantage as the Victoria Cross Gallery and exhibited in the town of Wantage, Berkshire. Later the collection was broken up and many of the paintings were sent to the various regiments depicted. Some were damaged or destroyed.[99] A number of the acts were also portrayed in a Second World War propaganda pamphlet, and the images commissioned by the Ministry of Information are presented in an online gallery available on the website of The National Archives.
Soldiers' club naming traditions
It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a particular recipient of the Victoria Cross, usually one with whom the unit is historically associated. Permission for such naming rights is usually obtained not only from the relevant command hierarchy within the military itself, but also from the family of the recipient. Once dedicated, the club and its participants typically take great pride in the deeds of the person with whom they are associated, and often family members will be invited to attend certain functions held by the club as a mark of thanks and respect.
Wednesday, April 30, 2014
The Victoria Cross. Army and Navy Versions.
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If you find yourself in those shoes, I can sympathize. Most of us have had to build our businesses from something humble, and I'm no exception. And so in that spirit, I wanted to offer a few tips for hiring a good, experienced copywriter for less:
Find an open space on their schedule. Copywriters, like any self-employed professionals, usually have to busy and slow times. Most of us are a lot less picky about the work we'll pick up, and the rate we'll charge for it, if we don't have too many other projects to work on.
Start it yourself. Sometimes, you can cut down on the hours needed to finish a project (along with the budget) by giving your copywriter an outline or first draft to work from. This can be a gamble, since you might end up with something that's not as strong as it would have been if they'd done it from scratch. Still, you can sometimes knock off as much as half a copywriter's fee by giving them a head start.
Combine projects. You will almost always pay more for a bunch of small projects done one at a time than you would if many pieces of the campaign were contracted together.
That's because a lot of the research, interview, and brainstorming time for related projects tend to overlap. So if you know from the outset you'll need a lot of work, get a discount up front.Pay cash. Who doesn't love the prospect of being paid quickly? Offer your copywriter quick payment terms once the project has been completed, and they might just give you a break on the size of the bill.
While these tips won't work for everyone all the time, I hope they'll be useful for you as you work with professional copywriters. Remember, getting the best work is never going to be cheap. But if you follow these guidelines, you might be able to get some top-notch copy without breaking the bank.
Matthew Aaron is an independent copywriter living in Denver, Colorado, USA. For more than ten years, he's grown a solid reputation for delivering effective sales copy for his clients across North America and the United Kingdom.
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Randy Gilbert had the pleasure of interviewing Bob Bly on The Inside Success Show.The topic for today is "The White Paper Marketing Handbook," which is a study of Educational Marketing and Building a Platform of Expertise. For some this will be a new way to experience more sales with less selling, and more loyal customers than ever before in your business.
Our next special guest says that the best way to sell is to give more away for free. "White Papers" an
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Harpoon (missile) tubes
Harpoon (missile) tubes
Image by Alex Drennan
The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system, developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Defense, Space & Security). In 2004, Boeing delivered the 7,000th Harpoon unit since the weapon's introduction in 1977. The missile system has also been further developed into a land-strike weapon, the Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM).
The regular Harpoon uses active radar homing, and a low-level, sea-skimming cruise trajectory to improve survivability and lethality. The missile's launch platforms include:
Fixed-wing aircraft (the AGM-84, without the solid-fuel rocket booster)
Surface ships (the RGM-84, fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster that detaches when expended, to allow the missile's main turbojet to maintain flight)
Submarines (the UGM-84, fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster and encapsulated in a container to enable submerged launch through a torpedo tube);
Coastal defense batteries, from which it would be fired with a solid-fuel rocket booster.
Contents [hide]
1 Development 1.1 Harpoon Block 1D
1.2 SLAM ATA (Block 1G)
1.3 Harpoon Block 1J
1.4 Harpoon Block II
1.5 Harpoon Block III
2 Operational history
3 Operators
4 General characteristics
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
In 1965 the U.S. Navy began studies for a missile in the 45 km (25 nm) range class for use against surfaced submarines. The name Harpoon was assigned to the project (i.e. a harpoon to kill "whales", a naval slang term for submarines).The Harpoon was introduced in 1977 after the sinking of the Israeli destroyer Eilat in 1967 by a Soviet-built Styx anti-ship missile from an Egyptian missile boat. Initially developed as an air-launched missile for the United States Navy P-3 Orion patrol aircraft, the Harpoon has been adapted for use on U.S. Air Force B-52H bombers, which can carry up to 12 of the missiles. The Harpoon missile has been purchased by many American allies, especially by the NATO countries, as well as Australia, Japan, Pakistan and South Korea, among others.
The Harpoon has also been adapted for carriage on the F-16 Fighting Falcon, in operation with the U.S. Air Force, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates. It has been carried by several U.S. Navy aircraft, including the P-3 Orion patrol plane, the A-6 Intruder, the S-3 Viking, the AV-8B Harrier II, and the F/A-18 Hornet.
The Royal Australian Air Force is capable of firing AGM-84 series missiles from its F/A-18F Super Hornets, F/A-18A/B Hornets, and AP-3C Orion aircraft, and previously from the now retired F-111C/G Aardvarks. The Royal Australian Navy deploys the Harpoon on major surface combatants and in the Collins-class submarines. The Spanish Air Force and the Chilean Navy are also AGM-84D customers, and they deploy the missiles on surface ships, and F/A-18s, F-16s, and P-3 Orion aircraft. The British Royal Navy deploys the Harpoon on several types of surface ship.
The Canadian frigate HMCS Regina fires a Harpoon anti-ship missile during a Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) sinking exercise
The Royal Canadian Navy carries Harpoon missiles on its Halifax-class frigates. The Royal New Zealand Air Force is looking at adding the capability of carrying a stand-off missile, probably Harpoon or AGM-65 Maverick, on its six P-3 Orion patrol planes once they have all been upgraded to P3K2 standard.
The Republic of Singapore Air Force also operates five modified Fokker 50 Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) which are fitted with the sensors needed to fire the Harpoon missile. The Pakistani Navy carries the Harpoon missile on its naval frigates and P-3C Orions. The Turkish Navy carries Harpoons on surface warships and Type 209 submarines. The Turkish Air Force will be armed with the SLAM-ER.
At least 339 Harpoon missiles were sold to the Republic of China Air Force (Taiwan) for its F-16 A/B Block 20 fleet and the Taiwanese Navy, which operates four guided-missile destroyers and sixteen guided-missile frigates with the capability of carrying the Harpoon, include the eight former U.S. Navy Knox-class frigates and the eight locally built derivative of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates. The four former USN Kidd-class destroyers which have been sold to Taiwan can also carry Harpoon missiles, as can the 2 Zwaardvis/Hai Lung submarines and 12 P-3C Orion aircraft.
The Block 1 missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84A in US service and UGM-84B in the UK. Block 1B standard missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84C, Block 1C missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84D. Block 1 used a terminal attack mode that included a pop-up to approximately 1800m before diving on the target; Block 1B omitted the terminal pop-up; and Block 1C provided a selectable terminal attack mode.[2]
Harpoon Block 1D[edit]
This version featured a larger fuel tank and re-attack capability, but was not produced in large numbers because its intended mission (warfare with the Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe) was considered to be unlikely following the events of 1991–92. Range is 278 km. Block 1D missiles were designated RGM/AGM-84F. In Block 1D
SLAM ATA (Block 1G)[edit]
This version, under development, gives the SLAM a re-attack capability, as well as an image comparison capability similar to the Tomahawk cruise missile; that is, the weapon can compare the target scene in front of it with an image stored in its on-board computer during terminal phase target acquisition and lock on.[3] Block 1G missiles AGM/RGM/UGM-84G, and the SLAM-ER missiles are designated AGM-84H.
Harpoon Block 1J[edit]
Block 1J was a proposal for a further upgrade, AGM/RGM/UGM-84J Harpoon (or Harpoon 2000), for use against both ship and land targets.
Harpoon Block II[edit]
Loading Mk 141 canister launcher
In production at Boeing facilities in Saint Charles, Missouri, is the Harpoon Block II, intended to offer an expanded engagement envelope, enhanced resistance to electronic countermeasures and improved targeting. Specifically, the Harpoon was initially designed as an open-ocean weapon. The Block II missiles continue progress begun with Block IE, and the Block II missile provides the Harpoon with a littoral-water anti-ship capability.
The key improvements of the Harpoon Block II are obtained by incorporating the inertial measurement unit from the Joint Direct Attack Munition program, and the software, computer, Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertial navigation system and GPS antenna/receiver from the SLAM Expanded Response (SLAM-ER), an upgrade to the SLAM.
The US Navy awarded a $ 120 million contract to Boeing in July 2011 for the production of about 60 Block II Harpoon missiles, including missiles for 6 foreign militaries.[4] Boeing lists 30 foreign navies as Block II customers.[4]
India acquired 24 Harpoon Block II missiles to arm its maritime strike Jaguar fighters in a deal worth $ 170 million through the Foreign Military Sales system.[5] In December 2010, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified U.S. Congress of a possible sale of 21 additional AGM-84L HARPOON Block II Missiles and associated equipment, parts and logistical support for a complete package worth approximately $ 200 million; the Indian government intends to use these missiles on its Indian Navy P-8I Neptune maritime patrol aircraft.[6] Indian Navy is also planning to upgrade the fleet of four submarines- Shishumar class submarine – with tube-launched Harpoon missiles.[7]
Harpoon Block 2 missiles are designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84L.[citation needed]
Harpoon Block III[edit]
Harpoon Block III was intended to be an upgrade package to the existing USN Block 1C missiles and Command Launch Systems (CLS) for guided-missile cruisers, guided-missile destroyers, and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fighter aircraft. After experiencing an increase in the scope of required government ship integration, test and evaluation, and a delay in development of a data-link, the Harpoon Block III program was canceled by the U.S. Navy in April 2009. Cancellation of Block III however does not preclude the possibility of continued incremental upgrades to the Harpoon missile and launching suite in the future.
Operational history[edit]
Block I coastal missile defense system truck, in service in the Danish Navy 1988–2003.
In 1981 and 1982 there were two accidental launches of Harpoon missiles. One from USN and one from a Danish Navy frigate (Peder Skram-class) on 6 September 1982 which ended[clarification needed] in the recreational housing area Lumsås. The Danish missile was later known as the hovsa-missile (hovsa being the Danish term for oops).
In November 1980 during Operation Morvarid Iranian missile boats attacked and sank two Iraqi Osa-class missile boats; one of the weapons used was the Harpoon missile.
In 1986, the United States Navy sank at least two Libyan patrol boats in the Gulf of Sidra. Two Harpoon missiles were launched from the USS Yorktown with no confirmed results and several others from A-6 Intruder aircraft that were said to have hit their targets.[8][9] Initial reports claimed that the USS Yorktown scored hits on a patrol boat, but action reports indicated that the target may have been a false one and that no ships were hit by those missiles.[10]
In 1988, Harpoon missiles were used to sink the Iranian frigate Sahand during Operation Praying Mantis. Another was fired at the Kaman-class missile boat Joshan, but failed to strike because the fast attack craft had already been mostly sunk by RIM-66 Standard missiles. An Iranian-owned Harpoon missile was also fired at the guided missile cruiser USS Wainwright. The missile was successfully lured away by chaff.[11]
In December 1988, a Harpoon launched by an F/A-18 Hornet fighter from the aircraft carrier USS Constellation[12] killed one sailor when it struck the merchant ship Jagvivek, a 250 ft (76 m) long Indian-owned ship, during an exercise at the Pacific Missile Range near Kauai, Hawaii. A Notice to Mariners had been issued warning of the danger, but the Jagvivek left port before receiving the communication and subsequently strayed into the test range area, and the Harpoon missile, fortunately loaded just with an inert dummy warhead, locked onto it instead of its intended target.
In June 2009, it was reported by an American newspaper, citing unnamed officials from the Obama administration and the U.S. Congress, that the American government had accused Pakistan of illegally modifying some older Harpoon missiles to strike land targets. Pakistani officials denied this and they claimed that the US was referring to a new Pakistani-designed missile. Some international experts were also reported to be skeptical of the accusations. Robert Hewson, editor of Jane's Air Launched Weapons, pointed out that the Harpoon is not suitable for the land-attack role due to deficiency in range. He also stated that Pakistan was already armed with more sophisticated missiles of Pakistani or Chinese design and, therefore, "beyond the need to reverse-engineer old US kit." Hewson offered that the missile tested by Pakistan was part of an undertaking to develop conventionally armed missiles, capable of being air- or surface-launched, to counter its rival India's missile arsenal.[13][14][15] It was later stated that Pakistan and the US administration had reached some sort of agreement allowing US officials to inspect Pakistan's inventory of Harpoon missiles,[16][17] and the issue had been resolved.[18]
Operators[edit]
Australia Anzac-class frigate, HMAS Toowoomba
[icon] This section requires expansion. (November 2010)
AustraliaRoyal Australian Air Force F/A-18 Hornet
F/A-18F Super Hornet
AP-3C Orion
Royal Australian Navy Adelaide class frigate
Anzac class frigate
Collins class submarine
BelgiumBelgian Navy Karel Doorman class frigate
BrazilBrazilian Air Force P-3AM
CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force CF-18 Hornet
CP-140 Aurora
Royal Canadian Navy Halifax class frigate
ChileChilean Navy
DenmarkRoyal Danish Navy Absalon class support ship
Ivar Huitfeldt class frigate
EgyptEgyptian Air Force
Egyptian Navy
GermanyGerman Navy Sachsen class frigate (F124)
Bremen class frigate (F122)
GreeceHellenic Navy Elli class frigate
Hydra class frigate
Type 209 submarine, Glafkos class (1100) and Poseidon class (1200)
Papanikolis Type 214 class submarine
IranIslamic Republic of Iran Navy (nearly retired, most replaced by Russian-made AS-20 and Chinese-made C-802 ASMs)
IsraelIsraeli Air Force
Israeli Navy
IndiaIndian Navy (on Boeing P-8I Neptune multi-mission maritime aircraft)
JapanJapan Maritime Self Defense Force
Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea Air Force F-15K
KF-16
Republic of Korea Navy Sejong the Great Class destroyer
Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin class destroyer
Gwanggaeto the Great class destroyer
Son Won-Il class Submarine
Chang Bogo class Submarine
MalaysiaRoyal Malaysian Air Force
NetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Navy
PakistanPakistan Navy
PolandPolish Navy
PortugalPortuguese Navy
Saudi ArabiaRoyal Saudi Navy
SingaporeRepublic of Singapore Air Force
Republic of Singapore Navy
SpainSpanish Air Force
Spanish Navy
TaiwanRepublic of China Air Force
Republic of China Navy
British Type 23 frigate HMS Iron Duke firing a Harpoon ThailandRoyal Thai Navy
TurkeyTurkish Air Force
Turkish Navy
United Arab Emirates United KingdomRoyal Navy
Royal Air Force (retired)
United StatesUnited States Air Force
United States Navy
United States Coast Guard(retired)
General characteristics[edit]
Harpoon Block II test firing from USS Thorn.
UGM-84 submarine launch
AGM-84D being prepared for P-3 Orion weapons pylon.Primary function: Air-, surface-, or submarine-launched anti-surface (anti-ship) missile
Contractor: The McDonnell Douglas Astronautic Company – East
Power plant: Teledyne CAE J402 turbojet, 660 lb (300 kg)-force (2.9 kN) thrust, and a solid-propellant booster for surface and submarine launches
Length: Air-launched: 3.8 metres (12 ft)
Surface and submarine-launched: 4.6 metres (15 ft)
Weight: Air-launched: 519 kilograms (1,144 lb)
Submarine or ship launched from box or canister launcher: 628 kilograms (1,385 lb)
Diameter: 340 millimetres (13 in)
Wing span: 914 millimetres (36.0 in)
Maximum altitude: 910 metres (2,990 ft) with booster fins and wings
Range: Over-the-horizon (approx 50 nautical miles) AGM-84D (Block 1C): 220 km (120 nmi)
RGM/UGM-84D (Block 1C): 140 km (75 nmi)
AGM-84E (Block 1E) : 93 km (50 nmi)
AGM-84F (Block 1D): : 315 km (170 nmi)
RGM-84F (Block 1D): 278 km (150 nmi).
RGM/AGM-84L (Block 2): 278 km (150 nmi)
AGM-84H/K (Block 1G / Block 1J): 280 km (150 nmi)
Speed: High subsonic, around 850 km/h (460 knots, 240 m/s, or 530 mph)
Guidance: Sea-skimming cruise monitored by radar altimeter, active radar terminal homing
Warhead: 221 kilograms (487 lb), penetration high-explosive blast
Unit cost: US$ 1,200,000
Date deployed: Ship-launched (RGM-84A): 1977
Air-launched (AGM-84A): 1979
Submarine-launched (UGM-84A): 1981
SLAM (AGM-84E): 1990
SLAM-ER (AGM-84H): 1998 (delivery); 2000 (initial operational capability (IOC))
SLAM-ER ATA (AGM-84K): 2002 (IOC)
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Have an alternative health product or business you need to advertise? Increase your sales exponentially with a natural health copywriter who understands today's supplement buyer. Click here.Attic Owl (Athenian coinage - 520's BCE) ... 'It's not a question of whether Amazon is too big in the market ... Amazon IS the market' (29th January 2012) ...
Attic Owl (Athenian coinage - 520's BCE) ... 'It's not a question of whether Amazon is too big in the market ... Amazon IS the market' (29th January 2012) ...
Image by marsmet526
Under draconian new restrictions introduced by the American corporation, traders who sell products more cheaply on other sites face expulsion from the Amazon catalogue unless they agree to raise their prices.
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.....item 1).... Mail Online ... <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news" rel="nofollow">www.dailymail.co.uk/news</a> ... 'It's not a question of whether Amazon is too big in the market... Amazon IS the market': Claims of bullying small businesses and the truth about the world's biggest retailer
By HELEN LOVELESS and MARTIN DELGADO
Last updated at 1:00 AM on 29th January 2012
<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2093226/Amazon-accused-bullying-small-firms-inflating-prices.html" rel="nofollow">www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2093226/Amazon-accused-b...</a>
Online shopping giant Amazon has been accused of artificially inflating prices by banning firms that trade on its website from selling goods more cheaply elsewhere on the internet.
Thousands of shops and small businesses, ranging from record stores to perfume suppliers, sell their products on Amazon, which has seen its worldwide sales surge by 44 per cent.
Under draconian new restrictions introduced by the American corporation, traders who sell products more cheaply on other sites face expulsion from the Amazon catalogue unless they agree to raise their prices.
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A worker preparing an order at a Milton Keynes depot
Les Wilson
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Amazon has ordered them to ‘maintain parity between the terms on which you offer or sell each item through Amazon’ and the amount they charge for the same product on other sites.
Last night consumer protection lawyers called for an investigation.
Jill Paterson, a partner at law firm Leigh Day, said: ‘This is potentially anti-competitive behaviour. It has the potential to distort the market, which means consumers are losing out. It is possible the Office of Fair
Trading have not been alerted yet but I think they should look into it.’
Business organisations and independent traders accused the company of ‘bullying’ smaller firms.
Conservative MEP Malcolm Harbour, chairman of the European Parliament’s Consumer Protection Committee, said: ‘It is time for the European Commission to investigate whether firms such as Amazon are exploiting their market power in a way that is detrimental to consumers.’
In the UK, Amazon has achieved an extraordinary domination of the online shopping industry. The company refused to give figures, but analysts estimate it has a 20 per cent share of the market, accounting for £1 in every £5 spent by online purchasers.
In comparison, supermarket giant Tesco takes £1 in every £10 spent in British shops.
Until 2002, Amazon’s business was confined to direct sales from its website. Ten years ago it launched a new scheme, called Marketplace, under which goods could also be provided by shops and independent businesses.
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The company is being accused of bullying small firms and inflating prices
Mall on Sunday
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Amazon charges commission of at least 75p per sale, or 15 per cent of each sale plus a monthly fee of £25 to £30.
Last year Amazon changed the small print of its contract with traders, introducing the ‘price parity’ demand.
Many agreed to the deal rather than risk confrontation with the internet giant, but now an increasing number are voicing concern at what they claim are unfair trading terms.
An Essex-based CD and DVD retailer said: ‘I do about a third of my overall sales through Amazon and cannot afford not to be there. However, they are becoming increasingly aggressive in their approach.
‘Before Christmas I received an email telling me to change some prices on my website as they were cheaper than the rate at which I sold the goods through Amazon.’
The retailer, who asked not to be named because he feared reprisals from Amazon, said: ‘I then received another email three weeks later telling me I had five days to change the prices or I would be delisted.’
He added: ‘The problem is that it looks good for customers because they get cheap goods, but the true cost is borne by small businesses. As Amazon gets bigger and bigger, it reduces competition. We will ultimately end up with less choice for consumers because Amazon will price us all out of business.’
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Orders stacked up at an Amazon warehouse in Swansea
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Another critic, tax campaigner Richard Allen, said: ‘There seems to be a general lack of awareness among the competition authorities regarding online retail.
‘Amazon is massive. It is not a question of whether Amazon is too big in the market. Amazon is the market.’
Amazon’s headquarters are in Seattle, but Companies House documents reveal that the parent company of the British operation, amazon.co.uk, is incorporated in Luxembourg.
The tiny EU state has a lower rate of corporation tax than Britain. Financial accounts show that Amazon paid no corporation tax at all in Britain in 2010. The last time it reportedly paid the tax here was in 2007, when it is said to have handed over just £19,367 to the Treasury.
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The distribution centre in Swansea is packed with goods ready to be distributed
Alamy
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A spokesman for the Forum of Private Business said: ‘We understand from small online retailers that Amazon’s behaviour leaves a lot to be desired and that the company’s treatment of its suppliers and smaller rival websites is uncompetitive and effectively amounts to bullying.
‘This is simply unacceptable and it is extremely disappointing that Amazon sees fit to abuse its considerable market dominance in this way.’
Amazon said in a statement: ‘We work very hard to expand choice for online shoppers. As well as increasing the selection of items that we sell directly, there are over two million sellers who regularly add to the catalogue of products that they sell on Amazon Marketplaces around the world.
‘We simply ask Marketplace sellers not to charge customers higher prices at Amazon than the prices they charge customers elsewhere.’
The Office of Fair Trading said it could not comment on individual companies. But a spokesman said: ‘Businesses concerned about this issue should contact the OFT.’
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Click Power: The Proven System to Increase Sales
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Tuesday, April 29, 2014
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Skull & Crossbones over Protheroe House
Skull & Crossbones over Protheroe House
Image by Alan Stanton
<b>Yet another screw-up by the Kober Council.
Motto: Progress with Humanity</b>.
________________________________________
Scroll down or <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/alanstanton/9483711441/comment72157635650778336/">click update 19 September 2013</a>.
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<s>
</s><b>----- Original Message -----</b>
<b>From :</b> Homes for Haringey
<b>To :</b> Alan Stanton, councillor Tottenham Hale ward
<b>Sent :</b> Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:38 PM
<b>Subject :</b> Protheroe House LBH/2022213 Due date 05/08/13
Dear Councillor Stanton
Thank you for your recent enquiry in regards to Protheroe House, which the Homes for Haringey Feedback Team received on 22 July 2013. I have allocated your enquiry to the appropriate service officer, who will send you a full reply by 05 August 2013.
Feedback Team
Homes for Haringey | Alexandra House
<b>----- Original Message -----</b>
<b>From :</b> Alan Stanton
<b>To :</b> Paul Bridge, Chief Executive, Homes for Haringey
<b>Cc :</b> Jonathan Card, Chair of the Board, Homes for Haringey
<b>Sent :</b> Tuesday, July 23, 2013 4:12 PM
<b>Subject :</b> Protheroe House LBH/2022213 Due date 05/08/13
Dear Mr Bridge,
I think - and hope you will agree - that there is a time when ten working days is appropriate and other times when it isn't. My <i>"recent enquiry in regards to Protheroe House"</i> was a phonecall to pass on an urgent report from a local resident that Protheroe House - former sheltered housing - appeared to have been squatted. Which I sort of think might possibly come within the second category.
Thanks.
Alan Stanton
Tottenham Hale ward councillor
<b>----- Original Message -----</b>
<b>From :</b> Supported Housing Team Manager
<b>To :</b> Cllr Alan Stanton
<b>Cc :</b> Member Enquiries
<b>Sent :</b> Wednesday, July 24, 2013 4:53 PM
<b>Subject :</b> Protheroe House LBH/ 2022213
Dear Councillor Stanton
Thank you for your recent enquiry regarding the squatters at Protheroe House.
Protheroe House is in the process of being sold, however in June Homes for Haringey were informed that Protheroe House was squatted. The Tenancy Management Officer attended the property on two separate occasions with the Police to remove the squatters under the new Squatting Legislation, however on both occasions the squatters challenged the designation of the site. The squatters claimed that the building is a commercial premises and not residential, due to this the Police decided not to proceed with the eviction.
A meeting was then convened with the Police and HFH, to discuss the issues further. Following the meeting an agreement was reached with the Police to evict the squatters. We are waiting for the Police to confirm when the eviction will take place, as this will have to be programmed into their work schedule and will require a large number of Police Officers and dog handlers to attend.
Please note we are monitoring this closely and we will inform you once the eviction date is known.
<b>----- Original Message -----</b>
<b>From :</b> Alan Stanton, Tottenham Hale ward councillor
<b>To :</b> Homes for Haringey
<b>CC :</b> Paul Bridge; Cllr Lorna Reith Cllr Reg Rice
<b>Subject :</b> Protheroe House LBH/ 2022213
<b>Date :</b> Thu, 25 Jul 2013 11:36:52 +0100
Dear [name]
Thanks for this information. It would be helpful if, from time to time you could - very briefly - keep us as the three ward councillors (above) informed about progress.
In the meantime, given the likely further increase in homelessness and squatting across London, could you let us know what steps are being taken to try to prevent squatters regaining access to the building?
It's a pity the plans for sale and refurbishment were not better thought through and efficiently executed to ensure that the building was not unoccupied for months at time. Obviously, it is a very prominent and obvious site; and highly likely to be a target for further squatting.
<b>----- Original Message -----</b>
<b>From :</b> Supported Housing Team Manager, Homes for Haringey [HfH]
<b>To :</b> Cllr Alan Stanton
<b>Cc :</b> Paul Bridge ; Cllr Reith Lorna ; Cllr Rice Reg
<b>Sent :</b> Thursday, July 25, 2013 2:24 PM
<b>Subject :</b> Protheroe House LBH/ 2022213
Dear Councillor Stanton
Thank you for your email.
HFH will arrange to secure the building once the squatters have been evicted. Haringey Council have also advised us that there have been delays with the sale of the site, but any outstanding issues will be resolved shortly.
Legal Marketing: How To Work With A Copywriter
When it comes to legal marketing (and marketing in general) the power is in the message. Once you've established your personal or firm brand, and have a clear view on your points of differentiation and core audience, it's time to start writing. Lawyers are great at legal writing—but to truly connect with readers is a different form of the art. And let's be honest, not everyone has the time, the skill or the desire to delve into copywriting. Enter the copywriter. More and more, firms are choosing to employ the talents of professional copywriters to help them craft their message for brochures, websites and even presentations. But it's not as easy as just handing off the assignment. Here are a few tips to working with your copywriter.
Be picky. Not all copywriters work the same. Look closely at candidates to be sure their vision gels with yours. View examples of past work and see if it draws you in. Though they'll be writing from your perspective, every writer has their own style.
Be open-minded. Don't get stuck looking exclusively at writers with law experience. Sometimes working with a copywriter who has experience in other industries can bring new ideas and a breath of fresh air to stale copy. By taking cues from previous work they can often tweak dull legal copy and incorporate new language and ideas. Added plus: If they've worked in industries that reflect your client roster chances are they'll have a good insight into how those clients think, work and communicate.
Be consistent. From the beginning figure out how much writing will need to be done (at least at first glance) and how it will flow together.
For instance: it's easier to write copy for a brochure and website at the same time, rather than go back a year later and try to adapt. All materials should reflect the same voice, so keeping the same writer on all projects only makes sense to attain the best results.Be available. You can't hand over a copywriting project without input. From the beginning, understand what your copywriter will need from you—whether it be company information, access to employees for interviews and quotes, photos, history, bios… and then be sure to follow through. It only benefits you to give writers as much information as you can.
Be honest. Don't like a certain word? Tell them! Don't love the way they phrased something? Tell them! You must be honest with your copywriter if you want the best results. Once they get to know your preferences they can better create content that makes both of you happy.
Be respectful. Sometimes you just have to defer to an expert. Where lawyers tend to want to write like well…a lawyer, copywriters know what draws readers in and engages them in the copy. While they will most likely always be grateful for your input, there will be times when you will have to just trust theirexperience.
In the end, working with a copywriter can be a great benefit to your firm. They can bring a new perspective and new voice to firm materials and have the added advantage of being not only NOT a lawyer, but a potential client as well. They know what people want to read and can craft your message to resonate in the most powerful way.
Drawing on over twenty years' experience in branding and positioning, Paula Black has advised law firms around the globe on everything from powerful and innovative design to marketing strategy and business growth. She is the award-winning author of "The Little Black Book on Law Firm Branding & Positioning," "The Little Black Book on Law Firm Marketing and Business Development," and "The Little Black Book: A Lawyer's Guide To Creating A Marketing Habit in 21 Days," as well as founder and President of Miami-based Paula Black & Associates. For more information visit http://www.paulablacklegalmarketing.com
Tips to Organize Life ...item 2.. The ins and outs of Florida State's Activity and Service fees (Jun. 5, 2013 ) ...item 2.. One Arrested In Tri-State Organized Fraud Scheme (Jun 14, 2013) ...
Tips to Organize Life ...item 2.. The ins and outs of Florida State's Activity and Service fees (Jun. 5, 2013 ) ...item 2.. One Arrested In Tri-State Organized Fraud Scheme (Jun 14, 2013) ...
Image by marsmet472
Let’s educate the student body on how much they’re paying, what they’re paying for and why they’re paying for it – because the first time students hear about A&S fees shouldn’t be through an article in the FSView.
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.....item 1).... Transform Your Money.com ... <a href="http://www.transformyourmoney.com/" rel="nofollow">www.transformyourmoney.com/</a> ...
Have Power and Freedom with Your Money!
<a href="http://www.transformyourmoney.com/personal-finance-money-management.html" rel="nofollow">www.transformyourmoney.com/personal-finance-money-managem...</a>
Home > Your Money Plan
Personal Finance
Money Management
Learn the "How to" of Managing Your Money
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img code photo .... Start Again ...
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1. Be Ready For change
2. Find a community to work with like a Personal Finance Forum - You don’t have to do it alone.
3. Find out where you are now - organize finances, how you got here and the truth behind your finances, and what your money messages are.
4. What is your Dream about what you would want your life to look like.
5. Become your Personal Finance Planner and plan your future to create your money management plan
6. Commit to managing personal finances and be disciplined.
7. Make your daily choices and actions match your money management plan.
8. Celebrate all your wins!
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Using this plan turns personal finance money management into a game! The steps are quite easy and designed to walk you through what it takes to create your game. You can take one step each week, or each day. It's up to you. Just make sure that you complete each step and don't skip over anything.
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.....item 2).... The ins and outs of Florida State's Activity and Service fees ...
... FSU News ... <a href="http://www.fsunews.com/" rel="nofollow">www.fsunews.com/</a> ...
Getting the most out of the money you don't know you're spending
Written by
Rafael Batista
Contributing Writer @RB_FSU
FILED UNDER
FSU News
FSU News Views
Jun. 5, 2013
<a href="http://www.fsunews.com/article/20130606/FSVIEW03/130605024/The-ins-outs-Florida-State-s-Activity-Service-fees-" rel="nofollow">www.fsunews.com/article/20130606/FSVIEW03/130605024/The-i...</a>
Many of you reached out to me after last week’s article to ask: “What’s next?” I hadn’t intended on ending with a cliffhanger, but I think a more appropriate question is: “What’s first?” How can we begin to unravel SGA? Let’s start by revealing that this past year you paid anywhere from $ 293.76 to maybe $ 440.64 (depending on how many credit hours you took) in Activity and Service Fees or “A&S fees” – money that goes into an account to be allocated by SGA.
Whether you want to be active in Student Government or are part of “Team Anti-Politics” you have to take a moment to familiarize yourself with what these fees that actually are – this is about four months of your cell phone bill in fees each year.
If you’ve ever requested money from Student Government for your organization or have been involved in SGA in some way, you know A&S are best described, in my opinion, as a kind of FSU ‘tax.’ They are paid as part of your tuition and they are what make up your student government’s nearly $ 14 million budget; and each year it changes. This past year, the 2012-2013 fiscal year, Florida State’s A&S fees were set to $ 12.24 per credit hour of class a student enrolled in. This upcoming year, this fee has been proposed to rise to $ 12.86 per credit hour – that’s a $ 9.30 increase in tuition just from A&S fees for a student taking the average 15 credit hours.
From 2010, when I first enrolled at FSU until the time I graduate this upcoming year, the A&S fee will have increased from $ 11.69 to $ 12.86 per credit hour and I will have paid approximately $ 1,500 just in A&S fees during my time at Florida State. And it doesn’t look like these increases will stop anytime soon. Florida law allows a maximum 5 percent increase in local fees per year (quick point of clarification: the Local Fee is comprised of not only the A&S fee, but also the ‘Student Health Fee’ and the ‘Athletics Fee’). A seven-person Local Fee Committee, made up mostly of students and Chaired by a student, proposes the fee for the upcoming year in the fall; the Student Senate then approves it and it moves on to FSU’s administration.
Each fall the Student Senate hears requests from Oglesby Union, Campus Recreation, SGA Agencies, Bureaus and Affiliated Projects, funding boards, College Leadership Councils and the Congress of Graduate Students (COGS). Once the requests are heard, deliberations take place, and the budget for the coming fiscal year is set.
Why is all this important? Because it’s nearly $ 14 million dollars and it’s made up of students’ money. And I want you to play a larger role in deciding where this money goes to and I want you to be aware of how this money could benefit you and/or your organization. Don’t get me wrong, I’m not opposed to A&S fees: quite the contrary. After my time in Senate I have learned to appreciate the fee. Most students at FSU, however, are completely unaware of these fees and pay them blindly when Bright Futures and (some of) their Florida Prepaid plans don’t cover them.
Those in Student Government are pretty good about being “fiscally responsible” but we need to do more to ensure our student body is “fiscally aware” of what their money goes towards (I know we put logos on everything, but ask the average student if they even know what the SGA logo looks like). We have over 500 registered student organizations (RSOs), yet less than 100 received any money from A&S fees this past year. There are over 40,000 students at this university, but I will be surprised if more than a couple hundred students have even seen SGA’s most recent budget.
A&S fees, by law, are to be spent to benefit the student body. The current administration has begun taking initiative in facilitating the process for RSOs to request funds but let’s take it a step further.
Let’s educate the student body on how much they’re paying, what they’re paying for and why they’re paying for it – because the first time students hear about A&S fees shouldn’t be through an article in the FSView.
Let’s expand opportunities to assist individual students who bring recognition to our university, thus benefiting the student body – funding undergraduate research projects, promoting business ideas founded by entrepreneurial students and increasing the autonomy of College Leadership Councils.
And please, let’s work on getting more feedback from those we serve. With Summer Orientation in full swing, SGA should be asking the incoming students what they want out of their college experience and then working to make it happen; platforms should be living documents updated throughout the year and not only during the campaign seasons; Student Government should be reaching out to their constituents constantly, attending more RSO meetings and partnering more with resident hall governments. Sometimes I fear those in SGA get sucked into this “SGA bubble” and forget what the average student is like. We can’t expect an engaged student body if we’re not willing to engage with them first.
I don’t believe we should be forcing anyone to participate in anything they don’t want to participate in, but I think as a Student Government we should always work to provide as much information as possible to those we serve and always welcome students interested in becoming active at FSU.
Questions? Comments? Or have an idea you think I should cover? Email me at RB.fsview@gmail.com or find me on Twitter: @RB_FSU and send your thoughts my way. #SGA101
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.....item 2).... One Arrested In Tri-State Organized Fraud Scheme ...
... WCTV News ... <a href="http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/" rel="nofollow">www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/</a> ... Coverage You Can Count On ! ...
By: Leon County Sheriff's Office Email
Posted: Fri 11:10 AM, Jun 14, 2013
<a href="http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/Tri-State-Organized-Fraud-Scheme-211550371.html" rel="nofollow">www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/Tri-State-Organized-Fraud-Sche...</a>
Press Release: Leon County Sheriff’s Office
The Leon County Sheriff’s Office, Financial Crimes Unit arrested 44 year old Stephen Brown on May 29, 2013, on Fraud and Grand Theft charges. Information obtained during the investigation shows a history of Brown operating an organized fraud scheme.
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img code photo ... 44 year old Stephen Brown on May 29, 2013
<a href="http://media.graytvinc.com/images/Stephen+Brown2.jpg" rel="nofollow">media.graytvinc.com/images/Stephen+Brown2.jpg</a>
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Brown has posed as a sales representative of several companies, selling items such as furniture, electronics and office products. Brown conducts himself in a professional manner and appears to be knowledgeable regarding the various products he “sells”.
Brown collects money when the “orders” are placed from individuals; however, he fails to provide the products. Brown is known to have run his scam in Alabama, Georgia and the Leon County area. Brown is also known to post ads on Craigslist, as recent as May 2013.
It is believed there are additional law enforcement agencies working cases that involve victims of Brown’s fraudulent practices and additional victims locally.
Anyone who has conducted business transactions with Brown in Leon County is requested to contact the Financial Crimes Unit at (850) 922-3400.
Brown is currently in the Leon County Jail on charges of Grand Theft (4 counts) and Organized Scheme to Defraud.
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